Annex
List of figures
Fig 1.1 Research methodology outline
Fig 2.1 Global CO2 emissions by region
Fig 2.2 Historical GHG emissions in SSA
Fig 2.3 Africa’s GHG emissions by sector 1990 - 2016 (%)
Fig 2.4 The three core imperatives of climate finance
Fig 2.5 Biennial assessment and overview of climate finance flows
Fig 2.6 Distribution of climate finance across developing country regions, 2016-2020
Fig 2.7 Climate finance sources and instruments
Fig 2.8 Climate finance uses, instruments and sectors
Fig 3.1 Average temperature trend in Ghana between 1990 and 2021
Fig 3.2 2016 GHG emissions considering AFOLU
Fig 3.3 2016 GHG emissions after accounting for emissions reduction from forestry
Fig 3.4 Share of total financing from the key channels (2011-2019)
Fig 3.5 Share of financing received by climate action areas (2011-2019)
Fig 3.6 Sectoral receipts of climate financing (2011-2019)
Fig 3.7 Adaptation financing by sector
Fig 3 8 Mitigation financing by sector
Fig 4.1 CO2 emissions in metric tons per capita
Fig 4.2 South Africa’s peak plateau and decline scenarios in 2011
Fig 4.3 South Africa climate financing flows 2014-2018
Fig 4.4 Actors in South Africa’s climate financing space
Fig 4.5 Total African adaptation and mitigation-related finance commitments, 2014-2018
Fig 5.1 Zambia GHG emissions by sector-2010, and trends of GHG emissions and removals
Fig 5.2 Climate change institutional coordination structures
Fig 5.3 Composition of climate-change-related activities in Zambia 2016-2018
Fig 6.1 Constraints to securing such financing at the national and sub-national levels
List of figures
Table 1.1 Framing questions for stakeholders
Table 2.1 Mapping of the climate financing architecture
Table 2.2 Climate finance provided and mobilised by component and sub-component, 2013-2020 (US$ billion)
Table 3.1 Legal frameworks on climate change and environmental sustainability in Ghana
Table 3.2 List of policies that address climate action
Table 3.3 Mitigation measures for climate action
Table 3.4 Adaptation plans for climate action
Table 3.5 Financial requirements for updated NDC
Table 3.6 Socio-economic outcomes for Ghana’s updated NDC
Table 3.7 Key institutions responsible for MRV under the NDCs
Table 3.8 Key stakeholders responsible for climate action in Ghana
Table 4.1 National GHG Emissions Inventory in South Africa, 2021
Table 4.2 Central climate energy policies and legislations
Table 5.1 Policy instruments to address the climate change challenge
Table 5.2 Sectoral legal frameworks
Table 5.3 Classification of expenditure, 2016–2018
Acronyms and abbreviations
AfDB African Development Bank
AFOLU Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use
BRICS Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa
COP26 26th United Nations Climate Change Conference
CIF Climate Investment Fund
CPI Climate Policy Initiative
CSO Civil Society Organisation
DFI Development Finance Institution
ESG Environmental, Social and Governance
EU European Union
GCF Green Climate Fund
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GEF Global Environment Facility
GHG Greenhouse Gas
INDC Intended Nationally Determined Contribution
IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
IPP Independent Power Producer
LCOE Levelized Cost of Energy
MDB Multilateral Development Bank
MGEE Ministry of Green Economy and Environment
NAP National Adaptation Planning
NAMA Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions
NCCP National Climate Change Policy
NDA Nationally Designated Authority
NDC Nationally Determined Contribution
NPCC National Policy on Climate Change
ODA Official Development Assistance
OECD Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development
PPP Public–Private Partnership
RE Renewable Energy
REDD+ Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation
SDGs Sustainable Development Goals
SSA Sub-Saharan Africa
SME Small and Medium-Sized Enterprise
SOE State-Owned Enterprise
SWF Sovereign Wealth Fund
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change